Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation.

Python is dynamically-typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional programming. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its comprehensive standard library.

Guido van Rossum began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC programming language and first released it in 1991 as Python 0.9.0. Python 2.0 was released in 2000 and introduced new features such as list comprehensions, cycle-detecting garbage collection, reference counting, and Unicode support. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision that is not completely backward-compatible with earlier versions. Python 2 was discontinued with version 2.7.18 in 2020.

Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages

Python

# Problems With the React  React is unidirectional data flow. This means that data flows from the top to the bottom. This is a good thing because it makes the code easier to read and maintain. But there are some problems with this approach. To fix these problems we can use the Prop drilling.  ## Prop drilling  Prop drilling is a problem when you have to pass props from a parent component to a child component and then to a child of the child component and so on. This is a problem because it makes the code hard to read and maintain. To fix this problem we can use the context API.  ## Context API  The context API is a way to pass data through the component tree without having to pass props down manually at every level. This is a good thing because it makes the code easier to read and maintain. But there are some problems with this approach. To fix these problems we can use the Redux.  ## Redux  Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps. This is a good thing because it makes the code easier to read and maintain.  Componets of Redux:  - Actions - Reducers - Store  ## Actions  Actions are payloads of information that send data from your application to your store. They are the only source of information for the store. You send them to the store using store.dispatch().  ```js const ADD_TODO = 'ADD_TODO'  {   type: ADD_TODO,   text: 'Build my first Redux app' } ```  ## Reducers  Actions only describe what happened, but don't describe how the application's state changes. This is the job of reducers.  ```js (state = 0, action) => {   switch (action.type) {     case "INCREMENT":       return state + 1;     case "DECREMENT":       return state - 1;     default:       return state;   } }; ```  ## Store  The store is the object that brings them together. The store has the following responsibilities:  - Holds application state; - Allows access to state via getState(); - Allows state to be updated via dispatch(action); - Registers listeners via subscribe(listener); - Handles unregistering of listeners via the function returned by subscribe(listener).  ```js import { createStore } from "redux"; import todoApp from "./reducers"; let store = createStore(todoApp); ```  ## React Redux  React Redux is the official React UI binding library for Redux. It lets your React components read data from a Redux store, and dispatch actions to the store to update data.  ```js import { Provider } from "react-redux"; // Provider is a component import { createStore } from "redux"; // createStore is a function import todoApp from "./reducers"; // todoApp is a reducer let store = createStore(todoApp); // Redux store  ReactDOM.render(   <Provider store={store}>     <App />   </Provider>,   document.getElementById("root") ); ```

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C++ is still one of the most popular development languages. There are quite a number of people that want to start learning it and become a C++ developer. They face with the questions: "Where should I start? What and in what order should I study? What books should I read?"

We tried to answer these questions in the presented roadmap. The map focuses on general competencies and skills that could be found in most projects. It is designed to help those who are just starting their education or have little experience. You can create a more productive learning plan without being distracted by side information if you study the set of listed materials. It will help you to master C++ at the level that is used in many commercial projects.

Before you start exploring the map, it's recommended to read the articles listed below.

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