<h2 id="problemswiththereact">Problems With the React</h2>
React is unidirectional data flow. This means that data flows from the top to the bottom. This is a good thing because it makes the code easier to read and maintain. But there are some problems with this approach.
To fix these problems we can use the Prop drilling.
<h2 id="propdrilling">Prop drilling</h2>
Prop drilling is a problem when you have to pass props from a parent component to a child component and then to a child of the child component and so on. This is a problem because it makes the code hard to read and maintain. To fix this problem we can use the context API.
<h2 id="contextapi">Context API</h2>
The context API is a way to pass data through the component tree without having to pass props down manually at every level. This is a good thing because it makes the code easier to read and maintain. But there are some problems with this approach.
To fix these problems we can use the Redux.
<h2 id="redux-1">Redux</h2>
Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps. This is a good thing because it makes the code easier to read and maintain.
Componets of Redux:
<ul>
<li>Actions</li>
<li>Reducers</li>
<li>Store</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="actions">Actions</h2>
Actions are payloads of information that send data from your application to your store. They are the only source of information for the store. You send them to the store using store.dispatch().
<pre><code class="js language-js">const ADD_TODO = 'ADD_TODO'

{

type: ADD_TODO,

text: 'Build my first Redux app'
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="reducers">Reducers</h2>
Actions only describe what happened, but don't describe how the application's state changes. This is the job of reducers.
<pre><code class="js language-js">(state = 0, action) =&gt; {

switch (action.type) {


case "INCREMENT":



return state + 1;


case "DECREMENT":



return state - 1;


default:



return state;

}
};
</code></pre>
<h2 id="store">Store</h2>
The store is the object that brings them together. The store has the following responsibilities:
<ul>
<li>Holds application state;</li>
<li>Allows access to state via getState();</li>
<li>Allows state to be updated via dispatch(action);</li>
<li>Registers listeners via subscribe(listener);</li>
<li>Handles unregistering of listeners via the function returned by subscribe(listener).</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="js language-js">import { createStore } from "redux";
import todoApp from "./reducers";
let store = createStore(todoApp);
</code></pre>
<h2 id="reactredux">React Redux</h2>
React Redux is the official React UI binding library for Redux. It lets your React components read data from a Redux store, and dispatch actions to the store to update data.
<pre><code class="js language-js">import { Provider } from "react-redux"; // Provider is a component
import { createStore } from "redux"; // createStore is a function
import todoApp from "./reducers"; // todoApp is a reducer
let store = createStore(todoApp); // Redux store

ReactDOM.render(

&lt;Provider store={store}&gt;


&lt;App /&gt;

&lt;/Provider&gt;,

document.getElementById("root")
);
</code></pre>

Redux

Python

Java Swing is a lightweight Graphical User Interface (GUI) toolkit that includes a rich set of widgets. It includes package lets you make GUI components for your Java applications, and It is platform independent.
The Swing library is built on top of the Java Abstract Widget Toolkit (AWT), an older, platform dependent GUI toolkit. Swing library components are implemented entirely in Java, and is platform-independent.
<h2 id="jframe">JFrame</h2>
JFrame is a class of javax.swing package extended by java.awt.Frame, which adds support for the JFC/SWING component architecture. JFrame is a Window with border, title and buttons. It is used to create window based applications.
| Functions
| Description
|
| --------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| setTitle(String title)
| It is used to set the title of the frame.
|
| setLayout(LayoutManager m)
| It is used to set the layout of the frame.
|
| setVisible(boolean b)
| It is used to display the frame.
|
| setSize(int width, int height)
| It is used to set the size of the frame.
|
| setResizable(boolean b)
| It is used to enable or disable the resize option of the frame.
|
| setDefaultCloseOperation(int operation) | It is used to set the operation which is performed by the frame when the user closes the frame. |
<pre><code class="java language-java">import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class Main {


public static void main(String[] args) {




JFrame frame = new JFrame("JFrame Example");




JPanel panel = new JPanel();




panel.setLayout(new FlowLayout());




JLabel label = new JLabel("This is a label!");




JButton button = new JButton();




button.setText("Press me");




panel.add(label);




panel.add(button);




frame.add(panel);




frame.setSize(300, 300);




frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);




frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);




frame.setVisible(true);


}
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="jlabel">JLabel</h2>
JLabel is a class of javax.swing package. It is used to display a short string or an image icon. The JLabel object is used to display a single line of read only text or image or both text and image. It can also be used to change the name of the frame window.
| Functions
| Description
|
| --------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- |
| setText(String text)
| It is used to set the text of the label.
|
| setIcon(Icon i)
| It is used to set the icon of the label.
|
| setHorizontalAlignment(int align) | It is used to set the horizontal alignment of the label. |
| setVerticalAlignment(int align)
 | It is used to set the vertical alignment of the label.
 |
<pre><code class="java language-java">import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class Main {


public static void main(String[] args) {




JFrame frame = new JFrame("JFrame Example");




JPanel panel = new JPanel();




panel.setLayout(new FlowLayout());




JLabel label = new JLabel("This is a label!");




panel.add(label);




frame.add(panel);




frame.setSize(300, 300);




frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);




frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);




frame.setVisible(true);


}
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="jbutton">JButton</h2>
JButton is a class of javax.swing package. It is used to perform an action when the user clicks on a button. It inherits AbstractButton class.
| Functions
| Description
|
| --------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| setText(String text)
| It is used to set the text of the button.
|
| setIcon(Icon i)
| It is used to set the icon of the button.
|
| setMnemonic(int a)
| It is used to set the mnemonic on the button.
|
| setHorizontalTextPosition(int t)
| It is used to set the horizontal position of the text relative to the icon. |
| setVerticalTextPosition(int t)
| It is used to set the vertical position of the text relative to the icon.
 |
| setEnabled(boolean b)
| It is used to enable or disable the button.
|
| setToolTipText(String s)
| It is used to set the tooltip text for the button.
|
| setRolloverEnabled(boolean b)
| It is used to enable or disable the rollover feature of the button.
|
| setIconTextGap(int i)
| It is used to set the gap between the text and icon present on the button.
|
| setBorderPainted(boolean b)
| It is used to paint the border of the button.
|
| setFocusPainted(boolean b)
| It is used to determine whether the button has to be painted or not.
|
| setContentAreaFilled(boolean b)
 | It is used to determine whether the button has to be filled with the paint. |
| setOpaque(boolean b)
| It is used to determine whether the button has to be opaque or not.
|
| setBorder(Border b)
| It is used to set the border of the button.
|
| setMargin(Insets m)
| It is used to set the margin of the button.
|
| setActionCommand(String s)
| It is used to set the action command for the button.
|
| addActionListener(ActionListener) | It is used to add the action listener to the button.
|
<pre><code class="java language-java">import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class Main {


public static void main(String[] args) {




JFrame frame = new JFrame("JFrame Example");




JPanel panel = new JPanel();




panel.setLayout(new FlowLayout());




JButton button = new JButton();




button.setText("Press me");




button.addActionListener(e -&gt; {






System.out.println("Button pressed!");




});




panel.add(button);




frame.add(panel);




frame.setSize(300, 300);




frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);




frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);




frame.setVisible(true);


}
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="jtextfield">JTextField</h2>
JTextField is a class of javax.swing package. It is used to create a single line text field which displays the text. The text field can be editable or uneditable.
| Functions
| Description
|
| --------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| setText(String text)
| It is used to set the text of the text field.
|
| setColumns(int cols)
| It is used to set the number of columns in the text field.
|
| setFont(Font f)
| It is used to set the font of the text field.
|
| setHorizontalAlignment(int align) | It is used to set the horizontal alignment of the text field.
|
| setVerticalAlignment(int align)
 | It is used to set the vertical alignment of the text field.
|
| setEditable(boolean b)
| It is used to enable or disable the text field so that the user can edit it. |
| setEnabled(boolean b)
| It is used to enable or disable the text field.
|
| setToolTipText(String s)
| It is used to set the tooltip text for the text field.
|
| addActionListener(ActionListener) | It is used to add the action listener to the text field.
|
<pre><code class="java language-java">import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class Main {


public static void main(String[] args) {




JFrame frame = new JFrame("JFrame Example");




JPanel panel = new JPanel();




panel.setLayout(new FlowLayout());




JTextField textField = new JTextField();




textField.setColumns(20);




textField.setText("Enter text here");




panel.add(textField);




frame.add(panel);




frame.setSize(300, 300);




frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);




frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);




frame.setVisible(true);


}
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="jtextarea">JTextArea</h2>
JTextArea is a class of javax.swing package. It is used to create a multi line text field which displays the plain text. The text area can be editable or uneditable.
| Functions
| Description
|
| --------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| setText(String text)
| It is used to set the text of the text area.
|
| setColumns(int cols)
| It is used to set the number of columns in the text area.
|
| setFont(Font f)
| It is used to set the font of the text area.
|
| setLineWrap(boolean b)
| It is used to enable or disable the line wrapping feature of the text area. |
| setWrapStyleWord(boolean b)
| It is used to enable or disable the word wrapping feature of the text area. |
| setEditable(boolean b)
| It is used to enable or disable the text area so that the user can edit it. |
| setEnabled(boolean b)
| It is used to enable or disable the text area.
|
| setToolTipText(String s)
| It is used to set the tooltip text for the text area.
|
| addActionListener(ActionListener) | It is used to add the action listener to the text area.
|
<pre><code class="java language-java">import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class Main {


public static void main(String[] args) {




JFrame frame = new JFrame("JFrame Example");




JPanel panel = new JPanel();




panel.setLayout(new FlowLayout());




JTextArea textArea = new JTextArea();




textArea.setColumns(20);




textArea.setRows(5);




textArea.setText("Enter text here");




panel.add(textArea);




frame.add(panel);




frame.setSize(300, 300);




frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);




frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);




frame.setVisible(true);


}
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="jcheckbox">JCheckBox</h2>
JCheckBox is a class of javax.swing package. It is used to create a checkbox which can be selected or unselected. It is used to select one or more options from the given list.
| Functions
| Description
|
| --------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
| setText(String text)
| It is used to set the text of the checkbox.
|
| setFont(Font f)
| It is used to set the font of the checkbox.
|
| setHorizontalAlignment(int align) | It is used to set the horizontal alignment of the checkbox. |
| setVerticalAlignment(int align)
 | It is used to set the vertical alignment of the checkbox.
 |
| setEnabled(boolean b)
| It is used to enable or disable the checkbox.
|
| setToolTipText(String s)
| It is used to set the tooltip text for the checkbox.
|
| addActionListener(ActionListener) | It is used to add the action listener to the checkbox.
|
<pre><code class="java language-java">import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class Main {


public static void main(String[] args) {




JFrame frame = new JFrame("JFrame Example");




JPanel panel = new JPanel();




panel.setLayout(new FlowLayout());




JCheckBox checkBox = new JCheckBox();




checkBox.setText("Check me");




checkBox.addActionListener(e -&gt; {






System.out.println("Checkbox selected!");




});




panel.add(checkBox);




frame.add(panel);




frame.setSize(300, 300);




frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);




frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);




frame.setVisible(true);


}
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="jradiobutton">JRadioButton</h2>
JRadioButton is a class of javax.swing package. It is used to create a radio button which can be selected or unselected. It is used to select one option from the given list.
| Functions
| Description
|
| --------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------- |
| setText(String text)
| It is used to set the text of the radio button.
|
| setFont(Font f)
| It is used to set the font of the radio button.
|
| setHorizontalAlignment(int align) | It is used to set the horizontal alignment of the radio button. |
| setVerticalAlignment(int align)
 | It is used to set the vertical alignment of the radio button.
 |
| setEnabled(boolean b)
| It is used to enable or disable the radio button.
|
| setToolTipText(String s)
| It is used to set the tooltip text for the radio button.
|
| addActionListener(ActionListener) | It is used to add the action listener to the radio button.
|
<pre><code class="java language-java">import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class Main {


public static void main(String[] args) {




JFrame frame = new JFrame("JFrame Example");




JPanel panel = new JPanel();




panel.setLayout(new FlowLayout());




JRadioButton radioButton = new JRadioButton();




radioButton.setText("Select me");




radioButton.addActionListener(e -&gt; {






System.out.println("Radio button selected!");




});




panel.add(radioButton);




frame.add(panel);




frame.setSize(300, 300);




frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);




frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);




frame.setVisible(true);


}
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="jlist">JList</h2>
JList is a class of javax.swing package. It is used to create a list of items which can be selected or unselected. It is used to select one or more options from the given list.
| Functions
| Description
|
| ----------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
| setListData(Object[] listData)
| It is used to set the list data to the list.
|
| setFont(Font f)
| It is used to set the font of the list.
|
| setSelectionMode(int selection)
| It is used to set the selection mode of the list.
|
| setEnabled(boolean b)
| It is used to enable or disable the list.
|
| setToolTipText(String s)
| It is used to set the tooltip text for the list.
|
| addActionListener(ActionListener)
| It is used to add the action listener to the list.
|
| addListSelectionListener(ListSelectionListener) | It is used to add the list selection listener to the list. |
<pre><code class="java language-java">import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class Main {


public static void main(String[] args) {




JFrame frame = new JFrame("JFrame Example");




JPanel panel = new JPanel();




panel.setLayout(new FlowLayout());




String[] listData = {"Item 1", "Item 2", "Item 3"};




JList list = new JList(listData);




list.setSelectionMode(ListSelectionModel.MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION);




list.addListSelectionListener(e -&gt; {






System.out.println("List item selected!");




});




panel.add(list);




frame.add(panel);




frame.setSize(300, 300);




frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);




frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);




frame.setVisible(true);


}
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="jtable">JTable</h2>
JTable is a class of javax.swing package. It is used to create a table of items which can be selected or unselected. It is used to select one or more options from the given table.
| Functions
| Description
|
| --------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- |
| setModel(TableModel dataModel)
| It is used to set the table model to the table.
|
| setFont(Font f)
| It is used to set the font of the table.
|
| setSelectionMode(int selection)
 | It is used to set the selection mode of the table.
|
| setEnabled(boolean b)
| It is used to enable or disable the table.
|
| setToolTipText(String s)
| It is used to set the tooltip text for the table.
 |
| addActionListener(ActionListener) | It is used to add the action listener to the table. |
<pre><code class="java language-java">import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class Main {


public static void main(String[] args) {




JFrame frame = new JFrame("JFrame Example");




JPanel panel = new JPanel();




panel.setLayout(new FlowLayout());




String[] columnNames = {"Name", "Age"};




Object[][] data = {








{"John", 25},








{"Jane", 30},








{"Jack", 20}




};




JTable table = new JTable(data, columnNames);




table.setSelectionMode(ListSelectionModel.MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION);




table.getSelectionModel().addListSelectionListener(e -&gt; {






System.out.println("Table item selected!");




});




panel.add(table);




frame.add(panel);




frame.setSize(300, 300);




frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);




frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);




frame.setVisible(true);


}
}
</code></pre>

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